The Act of Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

The Act of Utilitarianism Essay Act utilitarianism states that, when faced with a choice, we must first consider the likely consequences of potential actions and, from that, choose to do what we believe will generate the most pleasure. The rule utilitarian, on the other hand, begins by looking at potential rules of action. To determine whether a rule should be followed, he or she looks at what would happen if it were constantly followed. If adherence to the rule produces more happiness than otherwise, it is a rule that morally must be followed at all times. The distinction between act and rule utilitarianism is therefore based on a difference about the proper object of consequential calculation — specific to a case or generalized to rules. Also to achieve the greater good for the greater number of people. Rule utilitarianism has been criticized for advocating general rules that, in some specific circumstances, clearly decrease happiness if followed. Never to kill another human being may seem to be a good rule, but it could make self-defense against malevolent aggressors very difficult. Rule utilitarians add, however, that there are general exception rules that allow the breaking of other rules if such rule-breaking increases happiness, one example being self-defense. Critics argue that this reduces rule utilitarianism to act utilitarianism and makes rules meaningless. Rule utilitarians retort that rules in the legal system (i. e. , laws) that regulate such situations are not meaningless. Self-defense is legally justified, while murder is not. However, within rule utilitarianism there is a distinction between the strictness and absolutism of this particular branch of utilitarianism. Strong Rule Utilitarianism is an absolutist theory, which frames strict rules that apply for all people and all time and may never be broken. John Stuart Mill proposed Weak Rule utilitarianism, which posits that, although rules should be framed on previous examples that benefit society, it is possible, under specific circumstances, to do what produces the greatest happiness and break that rule. An example would be the Gestapo asking where your Jewish neighbours were; a strong rule utilitarian might say the Do not lie rule must never be broken, whereas a weak rule utilitarian would argue that to lie would produce the most happiness.

Mexican Migrant Workers and Lynch Culture Essay -- Mexico Agriculture

Mexican Migrant Workers and Lynch Culture More than a million agricultural workers migrated to the United States in the early twentieth century. The majority of these persons found work on small family farms in California; the white owners of these farms welcomed cheap labor. Although most migrant workers in California today are of Mexican descent, they originally came from all over the world: East and West Europe, China, Japan, Korea and Latin America, along with Mexico. The shift to almost exclusively Mexican migrant workers in the early 1900s was intentional. Growers at this time anticipated racial conflicts between the immigrating workers and the â€Å"natives† of California. Growers minimized local opposition to Mexican immigration by promising that the Mexican would return to Mexico (only a short distance away) following picking season. This broken promise enabled the growth of systematic oppression toward the incoming Mexicans. As time went on, growers depended increasingly on the cheap labor provided by the Mexicans. This dependence, coupled with rising unemployment in Mexico, created a rising influx of Mexican immigrants to California, establishing Mexicans as â€Å"the single largest ethnic farm workers group in California† by the 1920’s. [1] Because these workers were forced to settle into communities that did not want them, and in communities that were promised the Mexicans were only staying temporarily, Mexicans were segregated, victimized, and resented by the surrounding white population. This maltreatment eventually escalated into racial oppression comparable to that of the blacks in the Jim Crow south. [2] The racial hierarchy that Mexicans faced in the Southwest left t... ... or shot. The masked men were never investigated, or if they were, they were never arrested post-investigation. This information is available in more depth in Carrigan and Webb’s article. [5] Again, see the article cited by William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb for further information. [6] These groups are used to represent many other groups that adopt a similar ideology. I see them all a response to the growing Mexican population in the Southwest. Mediums like radio, internet, and other propaganda were used to broadcast the message of these groups, which was essentially that Americans must wake up to the â€Å"reality† of the Mexican invasion. More on these groups can be located at www.aztalan.net/lynched.htm. [7] Mexican American Civil Rights organizations have been formed in the Southwest to combat these oppressive forces, but they are severely outnumbered.

Management Control System Essay

Detector -> measure what actually happening in the process being control. 2. Assessor -> what is actually happening by comparing with some standard/expectation. 3. Affector -> feedback. 4. Communication Network -> transmit information between the three above. Management Control process is the process by which managers at all levels ensure that the people they supervise implement their intended strategies. Management Control process characteristics: 1. The standar is not preset -> management decide what organization should do. 2. Management control is not automatic. 3. Management Control requires coordination among individuals 4. The connection from perceiving the need for action to determining the action required to obtain the desired result may not be clear. 5. Much Management Control is self control. System is a prescribed and usually repetitious way of carrying out an activity or a set of activities. Boundaries of Management Control: 1. Budget -> conforming to budget is not necessarily good and departure from budget is not necessarily bad. 2. Goal congruence -> it means that, insofar as is feasible, the goals of organization’s individual members should be consistent with the goals of the organization itself. 3. Tool for implementing strategy -> organizational structure specifies the roles, reporting relationship and division of responsibilities that shape decision making within an organization. Human resource management is the selection, training, evaluation, promotion and termination of employees so as to develop the knowledge and skills required to execute organizational strategy. Culture refers to the set of common beliefs, attitudes, and norms that explicitly or implicitly guide managerial action. 4. MCS encompass both financial and nonfinancial performance measures. 5. Aid in developing new strategies. Strategy formulation is the process of deciding on the goals of the organization an d the strategies for attaining these goals. Management control is the process of implementing those strategies. Task control is the process of ensuring that specified tasks are carried out effectively and efficiently. Task control system is scientific, whereas management control can never be reduced to a science. By definition, management control involves the behavior of managers, and this cannot be expressed by equations. Impact of the internet on management control -> difference between internet and phone: 1. Instant access. 2. Multi-targeted communication. 3. Costless communication. 4. Ability to display images. 5. Shifting power and control to individual.

Ethical Dilemmas - 1213 Words

Ethical Dilemmas 1 Ethical Dilemmas Larry Carter COM 425 May 31, 2010 Ethical Dilemmas 2 Ethical Dilemmas In today’s world employees face many different challenges in the workplace, challenges which not only bring on difficult choices, but could also bring about unwanted change. One of these challenges is Ethical Dilemmas. When an ethical dilemma arises in the workplace an employee is faced with what to do. How do they deal with this situation? The employee has to consider a couple different things when faced with these types of dilemmas. They must determine who it affects, how it affects, and then the consequences that may arise if they bring it to someone’s†¦show more content†¦You don’t want to see her hurt, and you happen to know she has a job offer from another group within your organization.† This is a situation which I hope I will never find myself in. On one hand I have information which concerns my best friend, and because we do have a close relationship I feel it is my job to warn her. On the other hand I am employed by the same organization and overheard something that was not meant for my ears. Ethical Dilemmas 5 This is a difficult. Everything in my heart is telling me I need to break the news to her so she can take the job that was already offered to her, but I also have certain loyalty obligations to my employer. Being who I am I would most likely go to my friend and tell her that she has a job offer which is better than her current position, and before she turns this offer down, I would urge her to go to her manager to ask about her desired position. I would tell her to let her manager know about the job offer from the other department, and inquire the status of the promotion. Hopefully by doing this her manager will do the right thing and let her know that the promotion will be offered to someone else so she can move on. When I look at my resolutions for the two scenarios I wrote about I feel that the resolution for scenario three is theShow MoreRelatedEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1538 Words   |  7 Pages1. Discuss an ethical dilemma that you have had to face in the w orkplace. Ethical dilemmas often occur when a manager or an employee is faced with two or more conflicting choices. Give as many facts and details as possible in describing your dilemma. The most difficult ethical dilemma I have dealt with was a summer job I had this past summer, while I was working for a bakery in my hometown. This past particular summer really tested what I believe is right and wrong and how to speak up. One of myRead MoreEthical Dilemmas Of The Workplace1291 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Dilemmas in the Workplace As a manager, you are the role model for staff. You set the standards, adhere to guidelines, and exemplify what you expect staff to model. 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